Sheikh Mujibur Rahman: (Bengali: শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান Shekh Mujibur Rôhman), (17 March 1920 – 15 August 1975) was a preeminent Bengali nationalist leader of Bangladesh.[1] He headed the Awami League and was the first President of Bangladesh during the Bangladesh Liberation War, and later became Prime Minister in independent Bangladesh. He is popularly referred to as Sheikh Mujib (shortened as Mujib or Mujibur, not Rahman), with the honorary title of Bangabandhu (বঙ্গবন্ধু Bôngobondhu, "Friend of Bengal"). His eldest daughter, Sheikh Hasina, is the present leader of the Awami League and the current Prime Minister of Bangladesh.
As a student political leader, Mujib rose in Bengali politics and
within the ranks of the Awami League. An advocate of socialism, he
became popular for his opposition to the ethnic and institutional
discrimination against Bengalis, who comprised the majority of
Pakistan's population.[2] He demanded increased provincial autonomy, and strongly opposed the military rule of Field Marshal Ayub Khan.
At the heightening of sectional tensions, Mujib outlined a 6-point autonomy plan.
He was tried in 1968 for allegedly conspiring with the Indian
government but was acquitted. Despite leading his party to a major
victory in the 1970 elections, Mujib was not invited to form the
government.
With his charismatic and forceful oratory, Mujib inspired millions across East Pakistan to engage in the struggle for self-determination and independence.
On 26 March 1971, he was arrested by the Pakistan Army in the early hours of Operation Searchlight. During his nine-month detention, guerrilla war
erupted between Pakistan Army and Bengali nationalists. An all-out war
between the Pakistan Army and Bangladesh-India Allied Forces led to the
liberation of Bangladesh and its founding as an independent nation in
1971.
After his release, Mujib assumed office as a provisional president,
and later prime minister. Even as a constitution was adopted that
proclaimed a secular democracy,
Mujib struggled to address the challenges of intense poverty and
unemployment in the country, coupled with rampant corruption. In the
aftermath of the 1974 famine[3] and amidst rising political agitation, he banned other political parties and most of the newspapers, except for four that were owned by the state. He established a one-party state. Seven months later, Mujib was assassinated
by a group of junior army officers on 15 August 1975, along with most
of his family. After the coup, a military government was established.
Contents
Early life
Rahman in 1950
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was born in Tungipara, a village in Gopalganj District in the province of Bengal in British India,[4] to Sheikh Lutfur Rahman, a serestadar,
an officer responsible for record-keeping at the Gopalganj civil court.
He was born into a native Bengali family; and unlike the tradition of
Arabic and foreign ancestry popular among the Pakistani counterparts, he
was fiercely proud of being a Bengali. He was the third child in a
family of four daughters and two sons. In 1929, Mujib entered into class
three at Gopalganj Public School, and two years later, class four at
Madaripur Islamia High School.[5]
However, Mujib was withdrawn from school in 1934 to undergo eye
surgery, and returned to school only after four years, owing to the
severity of the surgery and slow recovery.[citation needed] At the age of eighteen, Mujib married Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib. Together they had two daughters—Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana—and three sons—Sheikh Kamal, Sheikh Jamal, and Sheikh Rasel... .[5]
Mujib became politically active when he joined the All India Muslim Students Federation in 1940.[6] He enrolled at the Islamia College (now Maulana Azad College), a well-respected college affiliated to the University of Calcutta to study law, and entered student politics there.
He joined the Bengal Muslim League in 1943. During this period, Mujib worked actively for the League's cause of a separate Muslim state of Pakistan,
and in 1946 he went on to became general secretary of the Islamia
College Students Union. M. Bhaskaran Nair describes that Rahman "emerged
as the most powerful man in the party" because of his close proximity
to Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy.[7]
After obtaining his degree in 1947, Mujib was one of the Muslim
politicians working under Suhrawardy during the communal violence that
broke out in Calcutta, in 1946, just before the partition of India.[8]
After the Partition of India, Rahman chose to stay in the newly created Pakistan. On his return to what became known as East Pakistan, he enrolled in the University of Dhaka to study law and founded the East Pakistan Muslim Students' League.
He became one of the most prominent student political leaders in the
province. During these years, Mujib developed an affinity for socialism
as the solution to mass poverty, unemployment and poor living
conditions.[citation needed] On 26 January 1949 the government announced that Urdu would be the only official state language
of Pakistan, although Bengali was the majority language in East
Pakistan. Though still in jail, Mujib encouraged fellow activist groups
to launch strikes and protests; he undertook a hunger strike for 13 days.[citation needed]
Following the declaration of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the province chief minister Khwaja Nazimuddin
in 1948 that the people of East Bengal would have to adopt Urdu as the
state language, protests broke out amongst the population. Mujib led the
Muslim Students' League in organising strikes and protests, and was arrested along with Khaleque Nawaz Khan and Shamsul Haque by police on 11 March.[9][10]
The sustained protest from students and political activists led to the
immediate release of Mujib and the others. Mujib was expelled from the
university and arrested again in 1949 for attempting to organise the
menial and clerical staff in an agitation over workers' rights.[4]
Early political career
See also: Bengali Language Movement
Rahman in 1949
Mujib left the Muslim League to join Suhrawardy and Maulana Bhashani in the formation of the Awami Muslim League, the predecessor of the Awami League.
He was elected joint secretary of its East Bengal unit in 1949. While
Suhrawardy worked to build a larger coalition of East Bengali and
socialist parties, Mujib focused on expanding the grassroots
organisation.[citation needed]. In 1953, he was made the party's general secretary, and elected to the East Bengal Legislative Assembly on a United Front coalition ticket in 1954.[citation needed] Serving briefly as the minister for agriculture during A. K. Fazlul Huq's
government, Mujib was briefly arrested for organising a protest of the
central government's decision to dismiss the United Front ministry.
He was elected to the second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan and served from 1955 to 1958.[4] The government proposed to dissolve the provinces in favour of an amalgamation of the western provinces of the Dominion of Pakistan in a plan called One Unit; at the same time the central government would be strengthened. Under One Unit, the western provinces were merged as West Pakistan during the creation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956. That year East Bengal was renamed as East Pakistan as part of One Unit
at the same time. Mujib demanded that the Bengali people's ethnic
identity be respected and that a popular verdict should decide the
question of naming and of official language:
"Sir [President of the Constituent Assembly], you will see that they want to place the word "East Pakistan" instead of "East Bengal." We had demanded so many times that you should use Bengal instead of Pakistan. The word "Bengal" has a history, has a tradition of its own. You can change it only after the people have been consulted. So far as the question of One Unit is concerned it can come in the constitution. Why do you want it to be taken up just now? What about the state language, Bengali? We will be prepared to consider one-unit with all these things. So I appeal to my friends on that side to allow the people to give their verdict in any way, in the form of referendum or in the form of plebiscite."[11]
In 1956, Mujib entered a second coalition government as minister of
industries, commerce, labour, anti-corruption and village aid. He
resigned in 1957 to work full-time for the party organisation.[citation needed]
In 1958 General Ayub Khan suspended the constitution and imposed martial law. Mujib was arrested for organising resistance and imprisoned till 1961.[4] After his release from prison, Mujib started organising an underground political body called the Swadhin Bangal Biplobi Parishad (Free Bangla Revolutionary Council),
comprising student leaders, to oppose the regime of Ayub Khan. They
worked for increased political power for Bengalis and the independence
of East Pakistan. He was briefly arrested again in 1962 for organising
protests.[10]
Leader of Pakistan
Main article: Six point movement
Following Suhrawardy's death in 1963, Mujib came to head the Awami League, which became one of the largest political parties in Pakistan.[citation needed] The party had dropped the word "Muslim" from its name in a shift towards secularism and a broader appeal to non-Muslim communities. Mujib was one of the key leaders to rally opposition to President Ayub Khan's Basic Democracies plan, the imposition of martial law and the one-unit scheme, which centralised power and merged the provinces.[12] Working with other political parties, he supported opposition candidate Fatima Jinnah against Ayub Khan in the 1964 election. Mujib was arrested two weeks before the election, charged with sedition and jailed for a year.[10] In these years, there was rising discontent in East Pakistan over the atrocities committed by the Pakistani Armed Forces against Bengalis and the neglect of the issues and needs of East Pakistan by the ruling regime.[13]
Despite forming a majority of the population, the Bengalis were poorly
represented in Pakistan's civil services, police and military.[citation needed] There were also conflicts between the allocation of revenues and taxation.[citation needed]
Unrest over continuing denial of democracy spread across Pakistan and
Mujib intensified his opposition to the disbandment of provinces. In
1966, Mujib proclaimed a 6-point plan titled Our Charter of Survival at a national conference of opposition political parties at Lahore,[4]
in which he demanded self-government and considerable political,
economic and defence autonomy for East Pakistan in a Pakistani
federation with a weak central government.[12] According to his plan:
- The constitution should provide for a Federation of Pakistan in its true sense on the Lahore Resolution and the parliamentary form of government with supremacy of a legislature directly elected on the basis of universal adult franchise.
- The federal government should deal with only two subjects: defence and foreign affairs, and all other residuary subjects shall be vested in the federating states.
- Two separate, but freely convertible currencies for two wings should be introduced; or if this is not feasible, there should be one currency for the whole country, but effective constitutional provisions should be introduced to stop the flight of capital from East to West Pakistan. Furthermore, a separate banking reserve should be established and separate fiscal and monetary policy be adopted for East Pakistan.
- The power of taxation and revenue collection shall be vested in the federating units and the federal centre will have no such power. The federation will be entitled to a share in the state taxes to meet its expenditures.
- There should be two separate accounts for the foreign exchange earnings of the two wings; the foreign exchange requirements of the federal government should be met by the two wings equally or in a ratio to be fixed; indigenous products should move free of duty between the two wings, and the constitution should empower the units to establish trade links with foreign countries.
- East Pakistan should have a separate militia or paramilitary forces.
Mujib's points catalysed public support across East Pakistan, launching what some historians have termed the 6-point movement – recognised as the definitive gambit for autonomy and rights of Bengalis in Pakistan.[citation needed] Mujib obtained the broad support of Bengalis, including the Hindu
and other religious communities in East Pakistan. However, his demands
were considered radical in West Pakistan and interpreted as thinly
veiled separatism.
The proposals alienated West Pakistani people and politicians, as well
as non-Bengalis and Muslim fundamentalists in East Pakistan.[citation needed]
Mujib was arrested by the army and after two years in jail, an
official sedition trial in a military court opened. Widely known as the Agartala Conspiracy Case,
Mujib and 34 Bengali military officers were accused by the government
of colluding with Indian government agents in a scheme to divide
Pakistan and threaten its unity, order and national security. The plot
was alleged to have been planned in the city of Agartala, in the Indian state of Tripura.[4]
The outcry and unrest over Mujib's arrest and the charge of sedition
against him destabilised East Pakistan amidst large protests and
strikes. Various Bengali political and student groups added demands to
address the issues of students, workers and the poor, forming a larger
"11-point plan." The government caved to the mounting pressure, dropped
the charged and unconditionally released Mujib. He returned to East
Pakistan as a public hero.[citation needed]
Joining an all-parties conference convened by Ayub Khan in 1969,
Mujib demanded the acceptance of his six points and the demands of other
political parties and walked out following its rejection. On 5 December
1969 Mujib made a declaration at a public meeting held to observe the
death anniversary of Suhrawardy that henceforth East Pakistan would be
called "Bangladesh":
"There was a time when all efforts were made to erase the word "Bangla" from this land and its map. The existence of the word "Bangla" was found nowhere except in the term Bay of Bengal. I on behalf of Pakistan announce today that this land will be called "Bangladesh" instead of East Pakistan."[10]
Mujib's declaration heightened tensions across the country. The West
Pakistani politicians and the military began to see him as a separatist
leader. His assertion of Bengali cultural and ethnic identity also
re-defined the debate over regional autonomy. Many scholars and
observers believed the Bengali agitation emphasised the rejection of the
Two-Nation Theory – the case upon which Pakistan had been created – by asserting the ethno-cultural identity of Bengalis as a nation.[14]
Mujib was able to galvanise support throughout East Pakistan, which was
home to a majority of the national population, thus making him one of
the most powerful political figures in the Indian subcontinent.
It was following his 6-point plan that Mujib was increasingly referred
to by his supporters as "Bangabandhu" (literally meaning "Friend of Bengal" in Bengali).[citation needed]
1970 Elections and Independence
A major coastal cyclone
struck East Pakistan in 12 November 1970, leaving hundreds of thousands
dead and millions displaced. Bengalis were outraged and unrest began
because of what was considered the weak and ineffective response of the
central government to the disaster.[15][16]
Public opinion and political parties in East Pakistan blamed the
governing authorities as intentionally negligent. The West Pakistani
politicians attacked the Awami League for allegedly using the crisis for
political gain. The dissatisfaction led to divisions within the civil
services, police and Pakistani Armed Forces.[15][17]
In the Pakistani general elections held
in 7 December 1970, the Awami League under Mujib's leadership won a
massive majority in the provincial legislature, and all but two of East
Pakistan's quota of seats in the new National Assembly, thus forming a clear majority.[4]
The largest and most successful party in the western wing of the nation was the Pakistan Peoples Party headed by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. He was completely opposed to Mujib's demand for greater autonomy.[18] Bhutto threatened to boycott the assembly and oppose the government if Mujib was invited by Yahya Khan
(then president of Pakistan) to form the next government and demanded
inclusion of the PPP. Much of the Pakistani military and the Islamic
political parties opposed Mujib's becoming Pakistan's prime minister. At
the time neither Mujib nor the Awami League had explicitly advocated
political independence for East Pakistan, but smaller nationalist groups
were demanding independence for Bangladesh.[19]
Bhutto feared civil war, and sent a secret message to Mujib and his inner circle to arrange a meeting with them.[20]
Hassan met with Mujib and persuaded him to form a coalition government
with Bhutto. They decided that Bhutto would served as President, with
Mujib as Prime minister. These developments took place secretly and none
of the Pakistan Armed Forces personnel were kept informed. Meanwhile,
Bhutto increased the pressure on Yahya Khan to take a stand on
dissolving the government.[20]
Liberation War, 1971
Following political deadlock, Yahya Khan delayed the convening of the
assembly – a move seen by Bengalis as a plan to deny Mujib's party,
which formed a majority, from taking charge. It was on 7 March 1971 that
Mujib called for independence and asked the people to launch a major
campaign of civil disobedience and organised armed resistance at a mass gathering of people held at the Race Course Ground in Dhaka.[21][22][23]
"The struggle now is the struggle for our emancipation; the struggle now is the struggle for our independence. Joy Bangla!..Since we have given blood, we will give more blood. God-willing, the people of this country will be liberated...Turn every house into a fort. Face (the enemy) with whatever you have."[21][23][24]
(For more info, see: 7th March Speech of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman)
Following a last-ditch attempt to foster agreement, Yahya Khan
declared martial law, banned the Awami League and ordered the army to
arrest Mujib and other Bengali leaders and activists.[21] The army launched Operation Searchlight
to curb the political and civil unrest, fighting the nationalist
militias that were believed to have received training in India. Speaking
on radio even as the army began its crackdown, Mujib asked his fellows
to create resistance against Pakiskani Army of occupation by a telegraph
at midnight on 26 March 1971:[10]
"[The] Pakistan Army have suddenly attacked the Pilkhana EPR Headquarter and tha Rajarbag Police Line as well as killed many innocents in Dhaka. The battle has started in various places of Dhaka and Chittagong. I am asking help to all the nations of this world. Our freedom fighters are valiantly fighting against the foes to save their motherland. In the name of Almighty Allah my last request and order to you all is to fight for independence till death. Ask your brothers of Police, EPR, Bengal Regiment and Ansar to fight with you. No compromise, the victory is ours. Execute the last foe from our holy motherland. Carry my message to all the leaders, activists and the other patriots from the every corner of the country. May Allah bless you all. Joy Bangla." – from Shadhinota Shongrame Bangali by Aftab Ahmad[25][26]
Sheikh Mujib was arrested and taken to Pakistan after midnight via
Tejgaon international airport on a PAF C-130 flight right under the
noses of ATC Officer Squadron Leader Khaja, Senior Operations Officer
Wing Commander Khademul Bashar and Director of Airport and Flight Security Squadron Leader M. Hamidullah Khan.
All were on duty that night due to the state of emergency. Mujib was
moved to West Pakistan and kept under heavy guard in a jail near Faisalabad (then Lyallpur).[24] Many other League politicians avoided arrest by fleeing to India and other countries.[27] Pakistani general Rahimuddin Khan was appointed to preside over Mujib's military court case in Faisalabad, the proceedings of which have never been made public.[28]
The Pakistani army's campaign to restore order soon degenerated into a rampage of terror and bloodshed.[29] With militias known as Razakars,
the army targeted Bengali intellectuals, politicians and union leaders,
as well as ordinary civilians. Due to deteriorating situation, large
numbers of Hindus fled across the border to the neighbouring Indian
states of West Bengal, Assam and Tripura.[30] The East Bengali army and police regiments soon revolted and League leaders formed a government in exile in Kolkata under Tajuddin Ahmad, a politician close to Mujib. A major insurgency led by the Mukti Bahini (Freedom Fighters)
arose across East Pakistan. Despite international pressure, the
Pakistani government refused to release Mujib and negotiate with him.
Most of the Mujib family was kept under house arrest during this period.
General Osmani was the key military commanding officer in the Mukti
Bahini, which was a part of the struggle between the state forces and
the nationalist militia during the war that came to be known as the Bangladesh Liberation War. Following Indian intervention
in December 1971, the Pakistani army surrendered to the joint force of
Bengali Mukti Bahini and Indian Army, and the League leadership created a
government in Dhaka.
Upon assuming the presidency after Yahya Khan's resignation, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto responded to international pressure and released Mujib on 8 January 1972. He was then flown to London where he met with British Prime Minister Edward Heath and addressed the international media. Mujib then flew to New Delhi on a Royal Air Force plane given by the British government to take him back to Dhaka. In New Delhi, he was received by Indian President Varahagiri Venkata Giri and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
as well as the entire Indian cabinet and chiefs of armed forces. Delhi
was given a festive look as Mujib and Indira addressed a huge crowd
where he publicly expressed his gratitude to Indira Gandhi
and "the best friends of my people, the people of India. From New
Delhi, Sheikh Mujib flew back to Dhaka on the RAF jet where he was
received by a massive and emotional sea of people at Tejgaon Airport."
Governing Bangladesh
Rahman briefly assumed the provisional presidency and later took office as the prime minister.
A new country Bangladesh begins with a lot of 'rampage and rape of Bangladesh economy' by Pakistani occupation force.
According to Time Magazine USA 17-January −1972 "In the aftermath of the Pakistani army's rampage last March, a special team of inspectors from the World Bank observed that some cities looked "like the morning after a nuclear at tack." Since then, the destruction has only been magnified. An estimated 6,000,000 homes have been destroyed, and nearly 1,400,000 farm families have been left without tools or animals to work their lands. Transportation and communications systems are totally disrupted. Roads are damaged, bridges out and inland waterways blocked.The rape of the country continued right up until the Pakistani army surrendered a month ago. In the last days of the war, West Pakistani-owned businesses—which included nearly every commercial enterprise in the country—remitted virtually all their funds to the West. Pakistan International Airlines left exactly 117 rupees ($16) in its account at the port city of Chittagong. The army also destroyed bank notes and coins, so that many areas now suffer from a severe shortage of ready cash. Private cars were picked up off the streets or confiscated from auto dealers and shipped to the West before the ports were closed."
The politicians elected in 1970 formed the provisional parliament of the new state. The Mukti Bahini and other militias amalgamated to form a new Bangladeshi army
to which Indian forces transferred control on 17 March. Mujib described
the fallout of the war as the "biggest human disaster in the world,"
claiming the deaths of as many as 3 million people and the rape of more
than 200,000 women.
The government faced serious challenges, which including the
rehabilitation of millions of people displaced in 1971, organising the
supply of food, health aids and other necessities. The effects of the
1970 cyclone had not worn off, and the state's economy had immensely deteriorated by the conflict.[citation needed]
There was also violence against non-Bengalis and groups who were
believed to have assisted the Pakistani forces. By the end of the year,
thousands of Bengalis arrived from Pakistan, and thousands of
non-Bengalis migrated to Pakistan; and yet many thousands remained in refugee camps.[citation needed]
After Bangladesh achieved recognition from major countries, Mujib helped Bangladesh enter into the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement.[citation needed]
He travelled to the United States, the United Kingdom and other
European nations to obtain humanitarian and developmental assistance for
the nation.[10]
He signed a treaty of friendship with India, which pledged extensive
economic and humanitarian assistance and began training Bangladesh's
security forces and government personnel.[31] Mujib forged a close friendship with Indira Gandhi,[32] strongly praising India's decision to intercede, and professed admiration and friendship for India.[32]
He charged the provisional parliament to write a new constitution, and proclaimed the four fundamental principles of "nationalism, secularism, democracy and socialism," which would come to be known as "Mujibism."[32] Mujib nationalised
hundreds of industries and companies as well as abandoned land and
capital and initiated land reform aimed at helping millions of poor
farmers.[33] Major efforts were launched to rehabilitate an estimated 10 million refugees. The economy began recovering and a famine was prevented.[34] A constitution was proclaimed in 1973 and elections were held, which resulted in Mujib and his party gaining power with an absolute majority.[4] He further outlined state programmes to expand primary education,
sanitation, food, healthcare, water and electric supply across the
country. A five-year plan released in 1973 focused state investments
into agriculture, rural infrastructure and cottage industries.[35]
Although the state was committed to secularism, Mujib soon began moving closer to political Islam through state policies as well as personal conduct.[36] He revived the Islamic Academy
(which had been banned in 1972 for suspected collusion with Pakistani
forces) and banned the production and sale of alcohol and banned the
practice of gambling, which had been one of the major demands of Islamic
groups.[36] Mujib sought Bangladesh's membership in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference and the Islamic Development Bank and made a significant trip to Lahore in 1974 to attend the OIC summit, which helped repair relations with Pakistan to an extent.[36]
In his public appearances and speeches, Mujib made increased usage of
Islamic greetings, slogans and references to Islamic ideologies. In his
final years, Mujib largely abandoned his trademark "Joy Bangla"
salutation for "Khuda Hafez" preferred by religious Muslims. He also
declared a common amnesty to the suspected war criminals in some
conditions to get the support of far right groups as the communists were
not happy with Mujib's regime. He declared, " I believe that the
brokers, who assisted the Pakistanis during the liberation war has
realized their faults. I hope they will involve themselves in the
development of the country forgetting all their misdeeds. Those who were
arrested and jailed in the Collaborator act should be freed before the
16 December 1974.".[36]
In 1974, Bangladesh experienced the deadliest famine ever, which killed around 30,000 Bangladeshi people from hunger. The Bangladesh famine of 1974 is a major source of discontent against Mujib's government.
Jatiya Rokkhi Bahini
Main Article : Jatiya Rokkhi Bahini
Jatiyo Rakkhi Bahini (Bengali- জাতীয় রক্ষী বাহিনী; English- National
Defence Force) was an elite para-military force formed on the 8th
instant of February 1972 by the government led by Bangabandhu Sheikh
Mujibur Rahman by an order commonly known as 'Jatiyo Rakkhi Bahini Act,
1972'[2] after the liberation war of Bangladesh.
It was an auxiliary force of police with the status of an elite force which virtually turned into a private army parallel to the regular army and loyal only to Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.[citation needed][clarification needed]
After the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the force was abolished and they were absorbed into the regular army.
BAKSAL
Main article : Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League
Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BAKSAL) the only legally
recognised party of Bangladesh founded on 7 June 1975 following the
Fourth Amendment to the constitution of Bangladesh. Mujib's government
soon began encountering increased dissatisfaction and unrest. His
programmes of nationalisation and industrial socialism suffered from
lack of trained personnel, inefficiency, rampant corruption and poor
leadership.[33]
Mujib focused almost entirely on national issues and thus neglected
local issues and government. The party and central government exercised
full control and democracy was weakened, with virtually no elections
organised at the grass roots or local levels.[37] Political opposition included communists as well as Islamic fundamentalists, who were angered by the declaration of a secular state. Mujib was criticised for nepotism in appointing family members to important positions.[32] A famine in 1974 further intensified the food crisis, and devastated agriculture – the mainstay of the economy.[4]
Intense criticism of Mujib arose over lack of political leadership, a
flawed pricing policy, and rising inflation amidst heavy losses suffered
by the nationalised industries. Mujib's ambitious social programmes
performed poorly, owing to scarcity of resources, funds and personnel,
and caused unrest amongst the masses.[33]
BAKSAL was protested by different groups but they were punished by
Mujibur Rahman. It was known that Mujibur Rahman never accepted any
criticism against him. Mujib was widely accused for 40000 killings by
his Rakkhi Bahini.[38]
The 1974 famine had personally shocked Mujib and profoundly affected his views on governance,[39]
while political unrest gave rise to increasing violence. During the
famine, 70000 people were reported as dead (Note: Reports vary).[38]
In response, he began increasing his powers. On 1974, Mujib declared a state of emergency
In 1975, his political supporters approved a constitutional amendment
with few other parties of a new system called BAKSHAL. Banning all
opposition political parties against BAKSHAL. Mujib assumed the
presidency and was given extraordinary powers.
According to Time Magazine USA—Feb. 10, 1975, "Under the new system, executive powers are vested in the President, who will be elected directly every five years, and in a Council of Ministers appointed by him. Although an elected Parliament can pass legislation, the President has veto power and can dissolve Parliament indefinitely."[32][40]
His political supporters amalgamated to form the only legalised political party, the Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League, commonly known by its initials—BAKSAL.[4]
The party identified itself with the rural masses, farmers and
labourers and took control of government machinery. It also launched
major socialist programmes. Using government forces and a militia of
supporters called the Jatiyo Rakkhi Bahini, Mujib oversaw the arrest of opposition activists and strict control of political activities across the country.
Assassination
Main article: Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
On 15 August 1975, a group of junior army officers invaded the presidential residence with tanks and killed Mujib, his family and personal staff.[4][32] Only his daughters Sheikh Hasina Wajed and Sheikh Rehana, who were visiting West Germany, escaped. They were banned from returning to Bangladesh.[41]
The coup was planned by disgruntled Awami League colleagues and
military officers, which included Mujib's colleague and former
confidanté Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, who became his immediate successor. There was intense speculation in the media accusing the US Central Intelligence Agency of having instigated the plot.[42]
Lawrence Lifschultz has alleged that the CIA was involved in the coup
and assassination, basing his assumption on the then US ambassador in
Dhaka Eugene Booster.[43]
Mujib's death plunged the nation into many years of political
turmoil. The coup leaders were soon overthrown and a series of
counter-coups and political assassinations paralysed the country.[40] Order was largely restored after a coup in 1977 gave control to the army chief Ziaur Rahman. Declaring himself President in 1978, Ziaur Rahman signed the Indemnity Ordinance, giving immunity from prosecution to the men who plotted[44] Mujib's assassination and overthrow.
Criticism and legacy
 |
The neutrality of this section is disputed. (December 2012) |
The Bangabandhu Square Monument
Time magazine USA writes on 3 January 1972 "For nearly nine months
Pakistani soldiers routinely raped Bengali women, razed houses and shot
unarmed villagers in a campaign of terror designed to intimidate and
pacify East Pakistan".So,after independence Bangladesh face a lot of
problem to cover her economy.
During Mujib's tenure as leader, Muslim religious leaders and some
politicians intensely criticised Mujib's adoption of state secularism.
He alienated some segments of nationalists and those in the military who
feared Bangladesh would become too dependent upon India. They worried
about becoming a satellite state by taking extensive aid from the Indian government and allying with that country on many foreign and regional affairs.[34]
Mujib's imposition of one-party rule and suppression of political
opposition also alienated large segments of the population. Historians
and political scientists think that it derailed Bangladesh's development
as a democratic state, contributing to its subsequent political
instability and violence.[14][32]
Following his assassination, succeeding governments offered low-key
commemorations of Mujib. Restoration of his public image awaited the
election of an Awami League government in 1996, which was led by his
eldest daughter, Sheikh Hasina, the leader of the party. 15 August has since been commemorated as "National Mourning Day," chiefly by Awami League supporters.[10]
Representation in other media
- Poet of Politics is a film in development on the life of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
- Time Magazine USA 25 August 1975 writes after 10 Days of his death
Mujib returned to the most tumultuous welcome Dacca had ever seen—and
a staggering array of problems in probably the poorest (and most
densely populated) country on earth. There were virtually no civil
servants and little industry. Ports were clogged, railroads destroyed,
the educated elite savaged. Worse, what had not been destroyed in war
was soon destroyed by a devastating drought in 1973 and floods last year
that inundated three-quarters of the country.
Laudable Objectives. Facing spreading violence—there had been at
least 6,000 political murders since independence—Mujib declared a state
of emergency last December. He subsequently banned extremist parties on
both the left and the right, brought the press under government control,
and cracked down on corruption.
The moves met with general favour in Bangladesh, but there were those
who were critical. "Do not forget I have had only three years as a free
government," he reminded critics. "You cannot expect miracles." Yet
even he seemed impatient for miracles in the end. No one ever doubted
that his objectives were laudable. Mujib wanted nothing less than to
build a "shonar Bangla," the golden Bengal of the poem by Rabindranath
Tagore that serves as the country's national anthem.
- After one year of Independence & Mujib Rule, Time Magazine USA 1 January 1973 writes
In sum, Bangladesh had little reason to enjoy a happy first birthday.
If it is not the "basket case" that Henry Kissinger once called it,
neither has it become the Shonar Bangla (Golden Bengal) envisioned by
Mujib. How much this is the fault of Mujib is a moot question. It is
true that he has had little time in which to combat some of Bangladesh's
immense problems. Nevertheless, some critics contend that he has wasted
some of the time playing the role of popular revolutionary figure (such
as personally receiving virtually any of his people who call on him)
when he should have been concentrating more on serious matters of state.
If, as expected, he is elected in March, Mujib will face a clear test
of whether he is not only the father of Bangladesh but also its saviour.
See also
Notes
Brig Siddiqi, commenting on his latest book on the fall of East Pakistan, said that the morale of the Pakistani troops was extremely low in 1970–71, but General Rahimuddin had tried East Pakistan's charismatic leader Mujibur Rehman in Faisalabad. (General Yahya did not confirm it.)
References
- William B.Milam, Pakistan and Bangladesh: Flirting with Failure(2009) ISBN 0231700660, Columbia University Press
- Anthony Mascarenhas, Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood ISBN 0-340-39420-X
- Katherine Frank, Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi (2002) ISBN 0-395-73097-X
- M. Ahmed, Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (1983), University Press
- Craig Baxter, Bangladesh: From a Nation to a State (1997), Westview Press
- Craig Baxter et al., Governance and Politics in South Asia (1998), Westview Press
External links
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Definitions from Wiktionary |
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Media from Commons |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
- Bangabandhu Online Museum
- Bangladesh Liberation War. Mujibnagar. Government Documents 1971
- Sheik Mujibur Rahaman
- A Diary Note On Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahaman By Manas Pal
- Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University
- A complete List of Time Magazine USA Article on Bangladesh
- The short film Interview with Bangladesh Prime Minister Mujbur Rahman (1972) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| New office | President of Bangladesh 1971–1972 |
Succeeded by Nazrul Islam Acting |
| Preceded by Tajuddin Ahmed |
Prime Minister of Bangladesh 1972–1975 |
Succeeded by Muhammad Mansur Ali |
| Preceded by Mohammad Mohammadullah |
President of Bangladesh 1975 |
Succeeded by Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad |
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