Bogra (Bengali: বগুড়াBogura) is a northern district of Bangladesh, in the Rajshahi Division.[1] It is called the gateway to North Bengal. It is an industrial city in where many small and mid-sized industries are housed. Bogra district was a part of the ancient Pundravardhana territory and the ruins of Mahasthangarh, the ancient capital of Pundravardhana are located north of Bogra.
Contents
1 History1.1 Ancient history1.1.1 The Mauryas (4th century to 3rd century B.C.)1.1.2 The Guptas (3rd century AD to the 5th century AD)1.1.3 Sasanka (the first quarter of the 7th century AD)1.1.4 Harshavardhana (the second quarter of the 7th century)1.1.5 The Palas (c. 750-1150)1.1.6 The Senas (c. 1150-1204)1.2 British Era1.3 Battle of Bogra2 Geography and Climate2.1 Formation of land2.2 Rivers2.3 Urban structure2.4 Climate3 Agriculture3.1 Fruits4 Industry5 Local language (dialect of Bogra)6 Religion7 Culture7.1 Folk literature8 Administration8.1 Upazilas9 Education10 Notable residents11 See also12 References13 External links
History
Ancient history
The Bogra District occupies an important place in the legendary and the earlier historical annals of Bengal. In the ancient period, it was a part of the territory of the Pundras or Paundras, which was known by the name of Pundravardhana. Pundravardhana was one of the kingdoms of Eastern India and was separated by the stream of Karatoya from the more easterly kingdom of Prag-Jyotisha or Kamrupa. The name, Pundravardhana, occurs frequently in the Mahabharata, Ramayana and the various Puranas. According to the Mahabharata and the Puranas, Vasudeva, a powerful prince of the Pundra family, is said to have ruled over Pundravardhana
as far back as 1280 BC. The claims of the district to antiquity,
however, rests chiefly on association which center round the old
fortified town, now known as Mahasthangarh.[2]
This district was under the following rules:
This district was under the following rules:
The Mauryas (4th century to 3rd century B.C.)
This district was under the rule of the Mauryas in the 4th century BC. This is evident from the existence of some Pillars of Ashoka in many parts of Pundravardhana and from the discovery of an old Brahmi Inscription at Mahasthangarh in this district. Bhadra Babu, a high monk of the Jain religion and a son of a Brahmin of Kotivarsha in Pundravardhana, was the Jain-Guru of Chandra Gupta Maurya. As Ashoka was a firm believer in Buddhism, he put to death many naked Sectarians (presumably the Jains in Pundravardhana.[2]
The Guptas (3rd century AD to the 5th century AD)
The Gupta authority over this district is revealed from the discovery of a number of inscriptions of that period from Pundravardhana. Pundravardhana was a Bhukti under the rule of Guptas till the end of the 5th century.[2]
Sasanka (the first quarter of the 7th century AD)
By the beginning of the 6th century this region might have passed under the rule of the Gaudas of Bengal. But the history of a century of this district lies in obscurity. However, at the beginning of the 7th century. Sasanka came upon the throne of Gauda and he definitely exercised his authority over Pundravardhana (including this district).[3]
Harshavardhana (the second quarter of the 7th century)
This region must have passed after death of Sasanka under the rule of Harshavardhana (606-647). This evident from the account of a Chinese Pilgrim named Hiuen Tsang or Yuan Chwang, who visited Pundravardhana probably in 640 AD.[3]
The Palas (c. 750-1150)
By the middle of the 8th century (c. 750) one Gopal assumed control of the affairs over North Bengal, established a royal dynasty known as the Pala Dynasty. After Gopal was elected king, he took his seat in Pundravardhana. He ruled over the region up to c. 780 and was succeeded by his son Dharmapala
(c. 781-821). The Pala Kings had peaceful possession of this district
up to the end of their rule over Bengal which ended in the 12th century.
Dharmapala was the son and the successor of Gopala, extended his power beyond Pundravardhana. Like his father he was a Buddhist and founded the famous BuddhistVihara at Somapuri in Varendra, the ruins of which have been discovered in the Naogaon District.[3]
The Senas (c. 1150-1204)
The Senas originally came from the Deccan and settled in West Bengal. Vijayasena was the first great ruler of the dynasty. He defeated the last Pala king Madanapala, and established his authority over this district. He was succeeded by his son, Vallalsena (1160–1178) who was in definite possession of the district. He built his capital at Bhabanipur (a shakti-peeth) in this district. Lakshmanasena (1178–1204), the son and successor of Vallal Sena, exercised authority over this district till he was driven out by Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad-bin-Bakhtiyar Khalji
in 1204. Even after this date, a dynasty of Sena Rajas ruled for nearly
a century over the north-eastern tract of this district as feudatory
chiefs under the suzerainty of the Muslim rulers of Bengal. Their capital was at Kamalpur, a few miles to the north of Bhabanipur (a site of pilgrimage for the Hindu devotees) and little to the south of Sherpur. Achyuta Sena was the last Prince of the line.[4]
British Era
The present District of Bogra, was first formed in 1821 during British rule.
In the 1901 census, the population of the district (on a reduced area)
was around 854,533, an increase of 11% in the decade, the census
revealed there was no town with as many as 10,000 inhabitants.[5] The famous Prafulla Chaki(1888–1908) was born in this district.
Battle of Bogra
The area was enveloped in thick fighting in the Battle of Bogra between the allied troops of Mitro Bahini and Indian Army (combined) which defeated the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971.
Geography and Climate
Formation of land
| Karatoa River | |
| River | |
Karatoa River near Mahasthangarh
|
|
| Country | Bangladesh |
|---|---|
| Region | Rajshahi Division |
| City | Bogra |
|
|
|
The area consisting whole of Upazila Sariakandi, Gabtali, Sonatala and major part Dhunat
is called the eastern alluvial tract. Fertilized by the silt of flood
waters, the eastern alluvion is one of the most fertile and prosperous
areas in Bogra, Jute, aus, aman paddy, sugarcane
and pulses are grown. Sometimes as many as three or more crops are
grown on one field in a year without any apparent diminution of its
productivity.[6]The western portion of the district is a marked contrast to the eastern one. In most parts it is well-wooded. Dense serub jungle is to be found is Upazilas of Sherpur and in parts of Sibganj, which has a comparatively large proportion of cultivable waste land. This part of the district is slightly higher than the eastern parts and is generally above flood level. The soil of this part is generally suited to the growth paddy. Adamdighi is well known for the fine qualities of rice. This rice is grown some extent in the Shibganj Upazila. [6]
The tract to the east of the Karatoya is a part of the valley of the Brahmaputra and is generally low-lying and intersected by numerous khals (Canals) and shallow swamps and marshes. It is subject to yearly inundation from the overflow of the Brahmaputra and, therefore, gets a rich deposit of silt. There is very little jungle and almost the entire area is under cultivation.
Rivers
There are quite a few rivers in the Bogra District. The Karatoya
is the central divider of water-channel of the district, the other
rivers may be classified into the eastern and western systems.[7] Names of the some important rivers of this district are as follows:
The Bangali
The Karatoya
The Jamuna
The Nagar
The Tulshiganga
The Bangali
The Karatoya
The Jamuna
The Nagar
The Tulshiganga
Urban structure
![[icon]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. (April 2008) |
The district has a humid subtropical climate.
Climate
| [hide]Climate data for Bogra | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 23.0 (73.4) |
27.3 (81.1) |
32.6 (90.7) |
35.1 (95.2) |
33.5 (92.3) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.5 (88.7) |
31.0 (87.8) |
28.9 (84) |
25.5 (77.9) |
30.27 (86.48) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.4 (61.5) |
20.0 (68) |
25.2 (77.4) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.5 (83.3) |
27.1 (80.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
25.26 (77.47) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 9.8 (49.6) |
12.7 (54.9) |
17.9 (64.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
24.1 (75.4) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.1 (79) |
26.1 (79) |
25.6 (78.1) |
23.2 (73.8) |
17.6 (63.7) |
12.6 (54.7) |
20.31 (68.57) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 9 (0.35) |
13 (0.51) |
21 (0.83) |
61 (2.4) |
210 (8.27) |
326 (12.83) |
396 (15.59) |
303 (11.93) |
257 (10.12) |
145 (5.71) |
15 (0.59) |
6 (0.24) |
1,762 (69.37) |
| % humidity | 44 | 34 | 36 | 45 | 63 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 72 | 68 | 50 | 46 | 56.7 |
| [citation needed] | |||||||||||||
Agriculture
|
This section requires expansion. (April 2008) |
Fruits
The fruit trees indigenous to Bogra district areas as follows:[8]
The Mango or Aim (Mangifera indica);
The Guava or Peyara (Psidium);
The Jamun or Jam (Syzygium cumini);
The Custard-apple or Aata (Annona reticulata);
The Tamarind or Tetul (Tamarindus indica);
The Grapefruit or Batabi nebu (Citrus grandis);
The Lime or Nebu (Citrus aurantifolia);
The Jackfruit or Kathal (Artocarpus heterophyllus);
The Papaya or Pepe (Carica papaya);
The pineapple or Anaras (Ananas comosus);
The Badam (Terminalia catappa);
The Banana or Kala (Musa × paradisiaca);
The Cocoanut or Narikel (Cocos nucifera);
The Lichi or Lichu (Litchi chinensis);
The Pomgranate or Dalim (Punica granatum);
The Date or Khejur (Phoenix sylvestris);
The fig or Dumur (Ficus hispida);
The Haritaki (Terminalia chebula);
The Palm or Tal (Borssus flabel lifer);
The Jackfruit, Mango and Banana are abundant; but the Date and Cocoanut are both scarce.
The Mango or Aim (Mangifera indica);
The Guava or Peyara (Psidium);
The Jamun or Jam (Syzygium cumini);
The Custard-apple or Aata (Annona reticulata);
The Tamarind or Tetul (Tamarindus indica);
The Grapefruit or Batabi nebu (Citrus grandis);
The Lime or Nebu (Citrus aurantifolia);
The Jackfruit or Kathal (Artocarpus heterophyllus);
The Papaya or Pepe (Carica papaya);
The pineapple or Anaras (Ananas comosus);
The Badam (Terminalia catappa);
The Banana or Kala (Musa × paradisiaca);
The Cocoanut or Narikel (Cocos nucifera);
The Lichi or Lichu (Litchi chinensis);
The Pomgranate or Dalim (Punica granatum);
The Date or Khejur (Phoenix sylvestris);
The fig or Dumur (Ficus hispida);
The Haritaki (Terminalia chebula);
The Palm or Tal (Borssus flabel lifer);
The Jackfruit, Mango and Banana are abundant; but the Date and Cocoanut are both scarce.
Industry
Bogra was once the industrial capital of Bangladesh. There were
several heavy industries. Most of them were owned by the local elite
family "BHANDARI", "JAMIL", 'KHALIFA'. Various industries of "TAJMA"
were also a name among the rich and famous. Bhandari's had several
establishments. Among them, Bogra Cotton Spinning Mills, North Bengal
Tannery, Habib Match Factory, Golam Kibria Soap Works, Bhandari Glass
works, Bhandari Biri were the prime one's. In the other hand Jamil's are
keeping their business like Jamil Housing, Jamil shopping complex,
Jan-e-saba community center and others. Tajma still leading there
position, Mr. Amjad Hossain Tajma, Managing Director of the Tajma group
of Industry heading their business named Tajma Creamic Industry, Tajma
Enamel Industry, Transfer Paper Limited, Agrofresh Limited, Snowbe Ice
Cream Industry and so on.
Local language (dialect of Bogra)
The mother tongue of this district is Bengali. In this district of Bogra "the dialect spoken is what is known as Northern dialect of Bengali of the Eastern Branch" says Dr. Grierson, may
be taken to be the form of the language, which is spoken in the
Dinajpur District, but the form of the dialect spoke in Bogra differs
very little from that of Dinajpur. The northern dialect is spoken in the district of Rajshahi, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Bogra and Pabna. The whole of the tract has within historic times been subject to Koch tribes and members of this tribe still exist in each district. They were originally reported as speaking their original Koch language,
but on an examination of the specimens of the language, Dr. Grierson
found that they have given up their original speech, and now only speak
more or less corrupt variety of Northern Bengali.[9] Some peculiarities (examples) are given below (Bengali>Dialect, English).[10]
Initial a in the first person becomes ha, e.g. ami>hami, I ; amar>hamar, my; amra>hamra, we; amak>hamak, me; etc.
Aspirated sound becomes unaspirated e.g. chokh>chok, eye; gachh>gach, tree; Jachchhi>Jachi, going; etc.
In vocative case go, have bareba are used, e.g. kya ra ba? jabuna?, hello! Will you not go. In feminine gender ro is used in place of ra e.g. Kyaro! Ki Kortitachu? Hello! What are you doing?'
U is used as final vowel in verb e.g. Jabi>Jabu? Will you go?Khachchhish??Khachchu?, Are you eating?; etc.
Initial a in the first person becomes ha, e.g. ami>hami, I ; amar>hamar, my; amra>hamra, we; amak>hamak, me; etc.
Aspirated sound becomes unaspirated e.g. chokh>chok, eye; gachh>gach, tree; Jachchhi>Jachi, going; etc.
In vocative case go, have bareba are used, e.g. kya ra ba? jabuna?, hello! Will you not go. In feminine gender ro is used in place of ra e.g. Kyaro! Ki Kortitachu? Hello! What are you doing?'
U is used as final vowel in verb e.g. Jabi>Jabu? Will you go?Khachchhish??Khachchu?, Are you eating?; etc.
Religion
The district of Bogra consists 3472 mosques, 686 temples, 37 churches and 58 tombs.[citation needed]
Culture
Folk literature
Marefati, dehatatwa, dhua, meyeli gan and other types of folk songs and also Prabad, Prabachan, folk-tales etc. are in use among the people of the Bogra District. One specimen Marefati Song is given below (written in English alphabet):
Tora dekh dekh re
Apna deher mamush
Kothay biraje.
Ore age Janmilam ami
Pachhe janmil bhai
Ore bhabte bhabte ma janmil
Bapto janme nai
Ulta gachher ulta pata
Ulta tahar mul
Ore patay patay chand dharechhe
Akale tar phul re.
<Song /> Kuti gelu putir maw khida lagise panta bare dere duta piyaj chila de lobon diya dere duta moric diya de.
Tora dekh dekh re
Apna deher mamush
Kothay biraje.
Ore age Janmilam ami
Pachhe janmil bhai
Ore bhabte bhabte ma janmil
Bapto janme nai
Ulta gachher ulta pata
Ulta tahar mul
Ore patay patay chand dharechhe
Akale tar phul re.
<Song /> Kuti gelu putir maw khida lagise panta bare dere duta piyaj chila de lobon diya dere duta moric diya de.
Administration
Upazilas
Bogra has 12 Subdistricts (Upazilas):
Adamdighi
Bogra Sadar
Sherpur
Dhunat
Dhupchanchia
Gabtali
Kahaloo
Nandigram
Shajahanpur
Sariakandi
Shibganj
Sonatala
Adamdighi
Bogra Sadar
Sherpur
Dhunat
Dhupchanchia
Gabtali
Kahaloo
Nandigram
Shajahanpur
Sariakandi
Shibganj
Sonatala
Education
Bogra Polytechnic Institute
Bogra Zilla School
Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College
Government Azizul Haque College
TMSS medical College
Shah Sultan college
Bangladesh Institute of Information Technology (BIIT)
Bogra Cantonment Pablic School & College
Armed Police Battalion public school and college
Bogra Zilla School
Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College
Government Azizul Haque College
TMSS medical College
Shah Sultan college
Bangladesh Institute of Information Technology (BIIT)
Bogra Cantonment Pablic School & College
Armed Police Battalion public school and college
Notable residents
Prafulla Chaki, revolutionary and nationalist, was born in Bihar village in 1888.[11]
M. R. Akhtar Mukul, author and journalist, migrated to Mahasthangarh after partition in 1947.[12]
Ziaur Rahman, President of Bangladesh (1977-1981), spent part of his childhood in Bagbari village.[13]
Begum Khaleda Zia, Former prime minister
Late khan Bahadur Ibrahim, Founder of Bogra co-operative Bank
M. R. Akhtar Mukul, author and journalist, migrated to Mahasthangarh after partition in 1947.[12]
Ziaur Rahman, President of Bangladesh (1977-1981), spent part of his childhood in Bagbari village.[13]
Begum Khaleda Zia, Former prime minister
Late khan Bahadur Ibrahim, Founder of Bogra co-operative Bank
See also
References
Md Nazmul Haq (2012). "Bogra District". In Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.Bangladesh District Gazetteers:Bogra. Government of Bangladesh. 1979, pp. 27Bangladesh District Gazetteers:Bogra. Government of Bangladesh. 1979, pp. 27-28Bangladesh District Gazetteers:Bogra. Government of Bangladesh. 1979, p. 28Bogra - Encyclopædia Britannica articleBangladesh District Gazetteers:Bogra. Government of Bangladesh. 1979, pp. 81Bangladesh District Gazetteers:Bogra. Government of Bangladesh. 1979, pp. 2-8Bangladesh District Gazetteers:Bogra. Government of Bangladesh. 1979, pp. 16-16Bangladesh District Gazetteers:Bogra. Government of Bangladesh. 1979, pp. 217-219Bangladesh District Gazetteers:Bogra. Government of Bangladesh. 1979, pp. 219-220Md. Muktadir Arif Mozammel (2012). "Chaki, Prafulla". In Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh."BANGLADESH: MR Akhtar Mukul passes away". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). 27 June 2004. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2010.Emajuddin, Ahamed (2012). "Rahman, Shahid Ziaur". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A.. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
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